Denisova Cave - First Evidence of the Denisovan People

Denisova Cave - First Evidence of the Denisovan People Denisova Cave is a rockshelter with significant Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic occupations. Situated in the northwestern Altai Mountains approximately 6 km from the town of Chernyi Anui, the site shows human occupation from the Middle Paleolithic to the Late Middle Paleolithic, starting ~200,000 years back. In particular, the cavern is the place the principal proof was found of Denisovans, a recently recognized types of person. Key Takeaways: Denisova Cave Denisova Cave is a rockshelter in the Altai Mountains of Siberia.First area where new primate species Denisovan was recognized, revealed in 2011Human occupations incorporate Neanderthals, Denisovans, and one individual of Neanderthal and Denisovan parentageCultural remains are like that found at Mousterian (Neanderthal) Upper Paleolithic sitesOccupations date somewhere in the range of 200,000 and 50,000 years prior The cavern, framed from Silurian sandstone, is ~28 meters over the correct bank of the Anui River close to its headwaters. It comprises of a few short exhibitions reaching out from a focal chamber, with an all out cavern zone of approximately 270 sq. m. The focal chamber estimates 9x11 meters, with a high angled roof. Pleistocene Occupations at Denisova Cave Unearthings in the focal chamber at Denisova have uncovered 13 Pleistocene occupations somewhere in the range of 30,000 and ~125,000 years bp. The sequential dates are all things considered radiothermalluminescence dates (RTL) taken on silt, except for Strata 9 and 11, which have a bunch of radiocarbon dates on charcoal. The RTL dates on the least are viewed as far-fetched, likely just in the scope of 125,000 years back. Layer 9, Upper Paleolithic (UP), Mousterian and Levallois, ~46,000 (OIS-2)Stratum 11, Initial Upper Paleolithic, Altai Mousterian, ~29,200-48,650 BP (OIS-3)Strata 20-12, Later Middle Paleolithic Levallois, ~69,000-155,000 BPStrata 21 and 22, Initial Middle Paleolithic Levallois, Mousterian, ~171,000-182,000 BP (OIS-5) Atmosphere information got from palynology (dust) and faunal taxa (creature bone) recommends that the most established occupations were situated in birch and pine woods, with some enormous treeless zones in higher heights. The accompanying time frames varied impressively, however the coldest temperatures happened not long before the Last Glacial Maximum, ~30,000 years prior, when a steppe domain was set up. Hominins Primate stays recouped from the cavern incorporate four Denisovans, two Neanderthals, and one individual, Denisova 11, spoke to by a section of a long bone, that hereditary examinations show was the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. The individual was in any event 13 years of age at death: and her hereditary cosmetics demonstrates that her dad, as well, was the aftereffect of sexual congress between a Neanderthal and a Denisovan. The soonest Denisovan in the cavern lived between 122.7â€194.4 thousand years prior (kya); another lived somewhere in the range of 105.6 and 136.4 kya; and two lived somewhere in the range of 51.6 and 76.2 kya. Neanderthals lived somewhere in the range of 90.0 and 147.3 kya; and the Denisovan/Neanderthal kid lived somewhere in the range of 79.3 and 118.1 kya. The latest date isn't that not quite the same as the close by Ust Ishim site, an Initial Upper Paleolithic site dated between 45â€48 kya, leaving the likelihood that Ust Ishim may have been a Denisovan occupation. Denisova Cave Upper Paleolithic Despite the fact that the site is generally stratigraphically very unblemished, lamentably, a significant intermittence isolates the two UP levels 9 and 11, and the contact between them is altogether upset, making it hard to safely isolate the dates of the antiquities in them. Denisova is the sort site for what Russian archeologists have called the Denisova variation of Altai Mousterian, having a place with the Initial Upper Paleolithic time frame. Stone instruments in this innovation display utilization of the equal decrease procedure for centers, enormous quantities of laminar spaces and devices molded on huge sharp edges. Spiral and equal centers, restricted quantities of genuine sharp edges and a differing arrangement of ​racloirs are likewise recognized in the stone apparatus collections. A few wonderful workmanship objects have been recouped inside the Altai Mousterian layers of the cavern, including brightening objects of bone, mammoth tusk, creature teeth, fossilized ostrich egg shell and mollusk shell. Two sections of a stone wristband made of drilledâ worked and cleaned dull green chloritolite was found in these UP levels at Denisova. A lot of bone apparatuses incorporating little needles with penetrated eyes, drawbores and pendants, and an assortment of round and hollow bone globules has additionally been found in the Upper Paleolithic stores. Denisova contains the most punctual proof of looked at needle fabricate in Siberia. Denisova and Archeology Denisova Cave was found longer than a century back, however its Pleistocene stores were not perceived until 1977. From that point forward, broad unearthings by the Russian Academy of Sciences at Denisova and close by destinations of Ust-Karakol, Kara-Bom, Anuy 2 and Okladnikov have recorded impressive proof about the Siberian Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Chosen Sources Douka, Katerina, et al. Age Estimates for Hominin Fossils and the Onset of the Upper Paleolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 565.7741 (2019): 640â€44. Print.Krause, Johannes , et al. The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Genome of an Unknown Hominin from Southern Siberia. Nature 464.7290 (2010): 894â€97. Print.Martinà ³n-Torres, Marã ­a, Robin Dennell, and Josã © Marã ­a Bermã ºdez de Castro. The Denisova Hominin Need Not Be an out of Africa Story. Diary of Human Evolution 60.2 (2011): 251â€55. Print.Mednikova, M. B. A Proximal Pedal Phalanx of a Paleolithic Hominin from Denisova Cave, Altai. Prehistoric studies, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 39.1 (2011): 129â€38. Print.Reich, David, et al. Hereditary History of an Archaic Hominin Group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468 (2010): 1053â€60. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. The Genome of the Offspring of a Neanderthal Mother and a Denisovan Father. Nature 561.7721 (2018): 113â€16. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. A Fou rth Denisovan Individual. Science Advances 3.7 (2017): e1700186. Print.

Michael Moore: An Influential Filmmaker Essay -- Cinema

Michael Moore, an Academy Award-winning movie producer is known for his profoundly disputable narratives. He advances to the more up to date age, attempting to instruct individuals alongside tending to our uncertain social issues in the United States. He offers instigate to degenerate things that our legislature is associated with that residents don't think about on the off chance that they don't peruse or watch the news. Michael Moore end up being a big deal impact through his work in the film business. His fundamental message is to get individuals to quit following their administration aimlessly, but instead stand up, pose inquiries, get included, and above all else demonstrates people groups capacity to be capable change what should be changed. He demonstrates being devoted methods assuming liability and being educated about what’s occurring in the media and all of Michael Moore’s films give the crowd this. Time magazine named Michael Moore one of the World’s 100 most persuasive individuals. Through his Oscar and Emmy grants, he demonstrates even a weak creator and maker with just a pen and a film camera can have a huge effect. His narrative Bowling for Columbine emphasized that by an assurance and determination that him, yet loyalists can make change. He talked with a portion of the enduring casualties of the Columbine shootings alongside Charlton Heston, the NRA president. He shows the grim impact of permitting weapons and shots to be so effectively open. Kmart was his principle goal and he took it upon himself by going right to the highest point of a significant corporate evolved way of life. The narrative was about how he had the option to get them to quit selling projectiles totally. Getting Kmart to quit selling slugs doesn’t imply that you’re going to keep kids from heading off to some place ... ...n in broad daylight, which numerous individuals are not gutsy enough to do, and for that many regard him. Michael Moore demonstrates that one man can have any kind of effect. He is an extraordinary case of practicing our entitlement to free discourse and scrutinizing the administration. On the off chance that something doesn’t appear to be correct he is a representative for discovering reality. Michael was a humble community kid who grew up to get one of the most persuasive narrative movie producers within recent memory. Works Cited Bowling For Columbine. Dir. Michael Moore. 2002. Fahrenheit 911. Dir. Michael Moore. 2004. Penn, Sean. Time.com. 18 April 2005. 8 March 2012 . Sicko. Dir. Michael Moore. 2007. The Oprah Winfrey Show. Michael Moore's Sicko. 1 January 2006. 8 March 2012 .

Charles B. Rangel International Affairs Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Charles B. Rangel International Affairs Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Please share this announcement with individuals who may be interested in the Rangel Graduate Fellowship.   More information is available at www.rangelprogram.org. The Charles B. Rangel International Affairs Program is now accepting applications for its 2011 graduate fellowships.   The Rangel Program seeks applicants who are interested in promoting positive change in the world as Foreign Service Officers for the U.S. Department of State.   The fellowship is open to undergraduate seniors and recent graduates who want to begin two-year master’s programs in the fall of 2011. In March 2011, the program will select twenty Rangel Fellows who will receive up to $90,000 in benefits over two years to fund tuition, mandatory fees, and living expenses for completion of two-year master’s degrees, as well as summer internships to promote professional development.   Fellows may use the fellowship to fund graduate studies of international affairs or a related subject such as public administration, business administration or public policy at U.S. universities.   Those who successfully complete the program will receive appointments as Foreign Service Officers upon graduation, embarking on one of the most exciting and rewarding careers. Eligibility requirements include U.S. citizenship, plans to enter graduate school in fall 2011, and a minimum 3.2 GPA.   The program encourages the application of members of minority groups historically underrepresented in the Foreign Service and those with financial need.   The application deadline is January 21, 2011.   Additional information about the Rangel Program and specific application requirements are available at www.rangelprogram.org. The Rangel Program is managed by the Ralph J. Bunche International Affairs Center at Howard University and funded by the U.S. Department of State.   It seeks to promote excellence and diversity in the U.S. Foreign Service. Contacts: Patricia Scroggs                                                                                             Erica Lee Director                                                                                                                           Program Assistant pscroggs@howard.edu rangelprogram@howard.edu erlee@howard.edu 202-806-4367 or 877-633-0002

The Peak Adventure Challenge Course - 1365 Words

The Peak Adventure Challenge Course brought up many skills and abilities that pertain to leadership, but few I can relate to myself unfortunately since I do not have many leadership skills. One thing they did emphasize that I feel like I can relate to is time management. After being in the military I became a big fan of being punctual. They talked about how if a game or session it will cut into the rest of the day. If something goes to long it could cut the last session short or if something ends early it could end the day prematurely. Even to get back on schedule can become challenging running another event longer or shorter. Being on time is a big objective in a day of activities. Something I’m not very good at is the point they made of†¦show more content†¦Communication is the key to any good leadership. If followers can not hear the leader then they are lost on what needs to get done. However, communication is not just for leaders though it is for followers as wel l because they can give feedback to the leader if something is not working and the leader can make adjustments to overcome the obstacle. Females mostly dominated the voice of the group because they spoke up the most. I think the females were more out spoken while the guys were shy and quiet. As the day went on the males became more vocal and started speaking up. It took awhile for everyone to start talking, but the group eventually got there. I believe the breaking point of when everyone started being vocal was when we broke into smaller groups. Its at this point it could be seen that everyone was having an easier time communicating to the rest of the group. I think to start being vocal in a larger group is difficult compared to speaking up in a smaller group. I can admit it was easier for myself to communicate in a smaller group then communicate in a larger group. Once you get to know more people in a larger group it is easier to speak up. When it came to volunteering at the start of the day no one really got up right away. It seemed more like everyone was thinking, â€Å"please don t pick me.† Granted there w ere a few girls who volunteered first, but not after a

Literature Review On Climate Change - 2734 Words

Chapter 3: Literature Review on Climate Change Climate change can be defined as a significant change in the â€Å"average weather† of any given region sustained in the long-term and can be caused by Earth s dynamic processes, external forces including variations in sunlight intensity, and also by human activities (USEPA, 2014). The burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, and deforestation over the last 200 years has caused the concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases to increase significantly in our atmosphere. These gases prevent heat from escaping to space. Greenhouse gases are necessary in our lives as they help in keeping the planet s surface warmer than it would otherwise be. But, as the concentrations of these gases continue to increase in the atmosphere, the Earth s temperature is climbing above past levels (USEPA, 2014). It has been observed through various researches that in the last century, average temperatures across the globe increased by over 1.3 °F with an increase of more than two times in the Arctic. (Bates, Kundzewicz, Wu, Palutikof, June 2008). The results of climate change can also be seen in changing precipitation patterns, increases in ocean temperatures, changes in the sea level, and acidity and melting of glaciers and sea ice (USEPA, 2014). 3.1 Climate Change and Water In the water sector, which is a special concern for this research, it is predicted that the water supply conditions in all regions and sectors in the world are likelyShow MoreRelatedArticle Review: Why Sustainable Tourism Must Address Climate Change by Daniel Scott1278 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Sustainable Tourism and Climate Change Introduction This paper reviews Daniel Scotts article in the Journal of Sustainable Times Why sustainable tourism must address climate change. 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White Blood Cell and Marks Free Essays

A differential count of white blood cells from a patient gave the bsolute number of lymphocytes as 8000 per mm3 and the total number of white blood cells as 12,000 per mm3. Calculate the percentage of lymphocytes in this sample of white blood cells. Is this a normal or abnormal percentage? Explain your answer. We will write a custom essay sample on White Blood Cell and Marks or any similar topic only for you Order Now (4 Marks) Percentage of lymphocytes in WBC= 8000/12000 100=66. 67%, the normal values of lymphocytes in blood is 20%-40%. So this would be an abnormal percentage. 5. Describe the difference between a communicable disease and an inherited disease. Use examples you have studied in this exploration to support your description. (4 Marks) A communicable disease is a disease that is transmitted from person to person; for example, malaria. An inherited disease is a disease that is passed through genetics; for example, sickle cell anemia. 6. Why are white blood cells in a stained blood smear usually counted at low power under a microscope? Explain your answer. (2 Marks) They are counted at low power because they are much bigger than all other blood cells. If you try to count them on high power, you have to keep moving the slide and will likely lose count or get confused. On low power, the other cells are much less visible and you will get a broader picture of the white cells which it makes it easier to get an accurate count. 7. Why is the presence ofa larger than normal number of neutrophils indicative of an infection? Explain your answer. (2 Marks) 8. Why would you not expect to see tissue macrophages in a blood smear? Explain your answer. (4 Marks) How to cite White Blood Cell and Marks, Papers

Conference Management and Notification System †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Conference Management and Notification System. Answer: Introduction Event management is an essential part of todays world for smooth running of official or personal events. Official events can include conferences, seminars and meetings whereas personal events can involve wedding, birthday or anniversary (Bramwell and Bill). There are ample event management companies under event managers who are hired by individuals or organization to conduct the specific event in a smooth way. An event manager needs to be extremely creative in terms of planning an event because that is the main thumb- rule to get contacts for the next event. Apart from being creative, the event manager will have to take care of the crisis issues and the necessary steps for the management. There should not be any loop hole in the hospitality and reception of the guest because it poses a negative impact on the company reputation. An event manager cannot afford to reflect a bad image which will make his business standstill (Bales et al.). This particular report will analyze the event of an international conference held at the Geneva Business School. The senior students of the school have been assigned to arrange the 3- day long conference in an organized manner. The senior students have contacted a reputed event management company for conducting this particular event and making it a grand success. They were all the more cautious for the success of this event as it was their first opportunity to do something good for their school sake. They did not want to be blamed for any kind of mismanagement in the event. The main purpose of the conference was to present an opportunity to the students for investigating the role played by new employees in the improvement of organizational performance. The topic was decided on the basis of the contemporary situation when most of the students find them drowning in mid- sea after getting placed in an organization. It is a common problem that is not only faced by the students of Geneva Business School but other business schools too. This international conference was aimed to improve the condition of the students in the nations of the European Continent. All the reputed B- schools of the particular continent were invited to attend the conference and the dignitaries included professors, lecturers, principals of institutions and managers and leaders of organizations. There were other officials and recruiters from different companies who delivered strategic advices for the budding managers. This international conference based on the roles played by new talents for the betterment of organizational performance was very appealing to the present audience as it was a demanding topic by the students (Brigham, Eugene and Ehrhardt). The topic was aimed to benefit the students of the business schools in the European continent as they will be able to learn something apart from their theoretical curriculum. To get a first- hand training of the work atmosphere general reading of the textbooks and assessments are not sufficient. To bridge the gap in that definite area the students will need to look away from their textbooks and seek for practical knowledge. This international conference will help them to gather knowledge on the practical field by gaining insights from experts who have had many years of experience in the field of business management. Live examples from the workplace will enable the students to understand the situation in a better way. The lecture of the organizational managers will make the students realize the current market scenario and thus they will be able to groom themselves accordingly. The practical experience in the course of the event will provide a clear picture of the organizational perfor mance and the required expectations from the new employees by the managers. The feedback session from the students will also help the officials, managers and recruiters to understand what the employees expect to get in return from the organization. The students must not keep anything confidential while providing feedback as it will help the professors to structure the course curriculum in a way which will benefit the students in their career. The honest feedback from the students will help the managers too for modifying the organizational structure to take into consideration employee motivation and satisfaction (Cserhati, Gabriella, and Szabo). Timing and location of the event Timing and location is a very crucial factor in terms of managing an event. These are the two important factors which determine the success of an event. Attendance of people in an event is dependent a lot on the spatio temporal factors. The location and time of the event has to be chosen in such a way so that the place is accessible easily and the timing does not clash with any other event. For this particular international conference the event management company had to take into account a lot of things before selecting the venue of the event. They had to choose a location keeping in mind the accessibility and the convenience of the invitees to reach the place. Mandarin Oriental in Geneva was selected where the event was held as well as staying arrangements were made for the international students and guests. This particular hotel is situated in an amazing and serene location mixed with the spectacular view of mountains in the background along the gentle river Rhone vistas. This luxu rious 5- star hotel has a traditional Swiss ambience blended with the style, comfort and remarkable service which makes it a perfect place to stay back. It is centrally located with a minimal distance of approximately 6 km from the Geneva airport thus making it easily accessible for the foreign guests. It was convenient from the train station too which is why this hotel was selected for the event. Time is another critical factor which should be taken into consideration while managing an event. First and foremost, the even management company has to fix dates with the Geneva Business School and according to their convenience the selected dates were 4th February 2018 to 6th February 2018. These dates were suggested because the senior students will be relieved from the exam pressure by the end of December 2017 and will get time to prepare for the conference. These dates were also tallied with the hotel managers and the caterers and fortunately the rooms were free on those days. The host institution also booked the conference room for those three days and the hotel management gladly informed them that there is no rush in the first week of February as the peak season begins from the mid of the month. The students got divided into few teams to make the arrangements separately and easily. The inauguration of the event was scheduled at 9 am on 4th Feb which was a convenient time as the guests were arriving the previous day. The venue selected for the event was Mandarin Oriental in Geneva which was centrally situated and easily accessible both from the railway station as well as the Geneva airport (Catherwood et al.). The view from the hotel was extraordinary with a combination of gentle flowing river and the strong and sturdy mountain created an ambience of calmness and tranquility. This hotel was selected after a lot of confusion and the company was in a dilemma about the venue for a long time. There are not many options in Geneva when it comes to hotels for arranging such a grand event as international conference. The large parking facility in the basement of the hotel was really helpful for storing numerous cars and buses. The system of valet parking in the hotel is something worth praising as there are not many hotels in the area which provide this service. This fact was considered while making selection of the venue by the event manager because the guests would always feel laid back to find the par king area by themselves and keep their vehicles in a proper place. It is a complementary service that can be easily provided by the hotel management as well as make the guests happy. Along with these basic facilities we had also considered the accommodation such as the required number of rooms and if that will be sufficient for all the guests or not. The Mandarin Oriental also passed the test in this category because they had ample airy rooms with air- conditioned facilities, large washrooms and every room and suites faced the mountain. The rooms were accommodated with the basic furniture such as sofa, cupboard, wardrobe, dining table and chair, rocking chair and a small study. There were room services available throughout the day with a simple phone call. The guests can even cook their favorite platter in the attached kitchen. The audio- visual systems provided in the rooms and suites can turn into a mini theatre. The beautiful dcor of the rooms have the ability to impress even a pessimist. The conference hall and the lawn were provided as a complement from the hotel authorizes as a gift to the Geneva Business School because their owner had been a student of the same school. It was an unexpected as well as overwhelming experience for the students to have in the conference the owner of the venue as an alumnus. The facilities available at the hotel were undoubtedly the best any event management company can arrange for and the extra perks that were provided along with had been icing on the cake. Organizing Committee and Event Manager The organizing committee included the senior students of Geneva Business School who are on the verge of getting placed in different organizations. To organize the event in a successful manner and keep up their reputation high the students had approached one of the popular event management groups in the region. XYZ EVENTS had been always a reputed event management group and with the new manager their success graph has become stagnant at the peak with no scope of going down. What can be better than approach such a famous organization to conduct such a prestigious event? In the beginning, the board of directors of the Geneva Business School had approached three students to organize the event. They were asked to form separate teams under their leadership which will make their task easy and doable. The brief profile of each of the members is given below in a tabular form. Student Responsibility S1 Suggesting the venue and selecting dates S2 Make a guest list S3 Inviting the internal members of the institution Thus S1, S2 and S3 had formed a group of 4 under their leadership thus the total strength became 12 all over to fulfill their responsibility properly. Following is a list of the strengths and weaknesses possessed by these 3 leaders. Student Strength Weakness S1 Loud Extrovert Communication expert Calm and cool Has a dominating attitude Try to grab a control over others Tries to take advantage of the power and position S2 A good manager Extremely friendly Has a good rapport with almost everyone inside the school Not a good leader Cannot identify the qualities in other people Weak in managing external affairs S3 Effective communication skills Hard working Responsible Competent Easily loses temper Tries to do all work by himself and thus ruining it at the end With this strengths and weaknesses of the members it can be mentioned that out of the three students no one is a perfect leader and actually needed guidance through this international conference which will help them to cope up with their weaknesses and make them a better leader. To draw up a brief outline of the event management company it can be said that XYZ EVENTS is considered to be among the top event management companies in the region. In their 12 years of journey they have not faced with a single loss. They have the record of managing the top most and high class events in Switzerland and abroad with utmost success. XYZ EVENTS has committed to give their best performance for each task that they are hired and to achieve that 100% success they do not take the responsibility of more than 5 events each month. Events (Category: General) Time Identifying the name and topic 2 hours Identifying the location 3 days Deciding the date 2 days Set the daily starting and ending time 5 hours Creating a primary budget 4 days (Category: Location) Contacting with the specific hotels for rooms, conference hall and free space 2 days Arranging for site inspections to compare among different properties 7 days Research on the facilities available at the hotels 5 days Comparing the options regarding housing and banquet and prices of different hotels 5 days Research and compare among the suppliers 4 days Research on the availability of parking and transportation to the particular place 6 days Confirmation of dates, time and price 2 days Negotiation of contract 2 days (Category: Speakers) Apply the speakers bureau or the management experts for keynote speakers 3 days Make a temporary list of the probable speakers 3 hours Contact with the speakers 6 days Research the terms of performance 3 days Making a final list of speakers 1 day Set a schedule for the speakers 2 hours Tally the performance schedule with the speakers 2 days Sending formal invitations 3 days Negotiating contract with the speakers 3 hours Booking of accommodation 1 day Contacting the transport company 3 hours Arranging of transport and hospitality services 5 hours (Category: Marketing) Writing a marketing plan for the international conference 3 hours Making a list of the probable sponsors 1 day Negotiating contract with the sponsors 4 hours Creating a theme and logo for the conference 1 hour Creating promotional plan such as the internet campaign, TV/ radio campaign and printed materials 1 day Designing and printing of brochures, tickets, advertising materials and invitations 10 days Arrange for advertising 7 days (Category: Others) Deciding on the required equipments for the event 3 days The number of staffs required for conducting the event 2 days Contacting with the catering management 3 hours Deciding the food items 2 hours Negotiating contract with the catering management 3 hours Arranging waste disposal places 2 hours Deciding on the details of the events such as what will be the program and the sequence 5 hours Finances and Budgets Setting up a budget is a very important part of pre event planning. It requires both detailed attention and a complete scope of the event to decide where to spend the money by keeping within the limit of the allotted budget. The total budget for the international conference was 300K Egyptian Pound and there was no scope to exceed the budget. Within the given amount of money, the company had to keep in mind the requirement for contingence package to cover the incidentals. The following structure reflects the individual expenses in each category of the event. Items Amount (Pre- conference expenses) Transportation cost 10,000 EGP Accommodation cost 25,000 EGP Operating expenses 5000 EGP Equipments and materials 12,000 EGP Other supplying materials and services 20,000 EGP (Main event expenses) Food and catering 15,000 EGP Rent of venue 30,000 EGP (Post- conference expenses) Preparing the report 12,000 EGP Payment of the staff for doing overtime 10,000 EGP Others 25,000 EGP Total cost 164,000 EGP Remaining balance 136,000 EGP As it can be observed in the above structure of budget that, the total expense for the event was 164,000 EGP and the remaining balance was 136,000 EGP. This remaining balance was set aside for any kind of emergency crisis that will be needed to be mitigated immediately. This particular amount was kept on reserve and not allocated to any task but simply used for insuring against other costs. The categories in which the contingency budget can be utilized are given below in a pictorial form. It can be reflected from the picture that there are almost equal chances of risk that can damage the event of Geneva Business School. The potential risk factors include unexpected accidents, sudden change in the itinerary, food crisis as in a definite item is not available on that particular day, increase in the number of guests, sudden change of venue or increase in fuel price resulting in the increase of transportation costs. All these factors had to be kept in mind and a contingency budget was set aside to facing these crises so that it will not be able to hamper the prestigious event in any way (Mller and Martin). It is very important to identify the probable risks that can hamper the event. Until and unless it is a major risk there is no need to change the venue. Preparing a contingency plan refers to preparing for the worst that might arise in the form of natural calamity or any man- made disaster. Planning and predetermination of the risks help in getting over the worst. One i mportant factor that the event manager must consider is that even if his budget exceeds he should never cut on the contingency expenses. This will lead to using money from his pocket if the situation demands so. That is why it is necessary to reduce the contingency and one has to be extremely lucky if he does not need to use his contingency budget which means that his pre- event planning was successful and he could save money as in the case of this particular event. Keeping a lower contingency budget in the international conference of Geneva Business School showed that XYZ EVENTS are an adept in the art of event planning. Sponsorship plays a pivotal role in the process of event management. Without the support of sponsors, an event cannot be successful. Sponsors help in creating brand awareness thus helping to generate preference of the consumer or audience and also responsible for brand loyalty. It is possible for a company to strengthen its brand awareness among the target public by sponsoring an event or organization that is associated with the similar kind of target group. Sponsorship should not be misunderstood as an act of charity; it is an act of contribution with the intention of positive return through ROI (Shone, Anton and Parry). On 4th, 5th and 6th February 2017, Geneva Business School will be conducting an international conference on the topic role of new employees in improving organizational performance. This event will be held in the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Geneva. Guests will come from distinguished B- schools and organizations from the European continent. The students who are going to be placed in different organizations will be guided by the eminent managers and leaders on the essential criteria required for working in a business organization. This is the first time that the school is organizing this international conference and they are really looking forward to its grand success. The presence of the eminent lecturers and managers will make the event worthwhile to b attended. This three-day long event will expose the students to the practical field of management which are absolutely different from their theoretical textbooks. This hand- on experience will help the novice in the field of management to overcome any kind of barriers that might come in their way in the course of working in a particular organization there will also be an interactive session which might give an opportunity of placement for the students. We are inviting the companies to contribute money and free publicity which will create a positive image. We hope to have the opportunity of to share our total presentation of sponsorship benefits with your company in the coming days. I will contact you on the specific date and time to call for a meeting and please do not hesitate to call me in the given number or drop me a mail in the given email id. Your presence in the event will be gladly accepted. Promotional strategies and marketing goes side by side when it comes to introduction or launching of new products or services. By promoting services or product, the owner or company can reach its target group using the media. Promotion of the product or services is the main element of success by interacting and engaging the target group (Uysal et al.). For this particular event of international conference at the Geneva business School the XYZ EVENTS had thought of mind- breaking ideas for the publicity of the event as well as the institution. They had selected a theme for the event which was everyone had to wear shades of red, orange or yellow as they carry significant meanings in the business world. The dcor of the venue was also kind of similar to these three colors to create a particular ambience. The content and details of the event was published in the form of brochure and pamphlets which was given as handouts to the internal and external publics. Digital hoardings were designed around the prominent places all over Europe. All small and large business schools were invited via mail and the media houses were sent press release. Advertisement was shown in the TV, in print media and also in the form of text messages in personal devices. The event management company had also developed an app for the ease of connecting to the intere sted individuals which not only gave details of the event but also allowed to register for the event. There were pop- ups shown in the social media to grab the attention of the students. Using these prominent media will be beneficial to publicize the event. All the promotion will be started 3 months prior the event so that the interested candidates can make necessary arrangements. The message of the promotion was- Get over it. This simple message will be understood hen the audience will go through the whole advertisement which means that it is time for the youngsters to get over the mandatory fear of getting placed in an organization and his responsibility toward it. Conclusion Thus it can be summarized from this report that the students who were assigned the task of managing the event of international conference did their part accordingly from contacting the best event management company to participating in the event. The event management company had also put their utmost effort as always to make a glorious event by proper promotion through the effective media channels and keeping up to the budget. Bibliography Bales, Bruce M., et al. "Multi-level conference management and notification." U.S. Patent No. 5,373,549. 13 Dec. 1994. 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